Understanding Metaphor in the Bible
The Bible frequently uses metaphors, symbolism, and figurative language to
convey spiritual truths. These literary devices help express complex or divine
concepts in ways that human minds can grasp. Some books, especially Psalms,
Proverbs, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, and Revelation, rely heavily on metaphorical
language.
Why Does the Bible Use Metaphors?
1. To Describe Spiritual Realities – Many biblical truths are beyond human
experience, so metaphors create connections to familiar ideas (e.g., “God is a
shepherd” in Psalm 23).
2. To Make Teachings Memorable – Imagery and symbolism create lasting
impressions (e.g., Jesus as the “Good Shepherd” in John 10).
3. To Convey Multiple Layers of Meaning – Metaphors allow for deep
interpretation and reflection.
4. To Obscure Truths Until the Right Time – Jesus often used parables (extended
metaphors) to reveal truths gradually (Matthew 13:10-17).
Examples of Biblical Metaphors
1. God as a Shepherd
• Psalm 23:1 – “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want.”
• This metaphor illustrates God’s guidance, provision, and protection.
2. Jesus as the Bread of Life • John 6:35 – “I am the bread of life. Whoever comes to me shall not hunger.” • Jesus is not literal bread but sustains spiritual life as food sustains the body.
3. The Church as a Body
• 1 Corinthians 12:12-27 – The church is described as the “body of Christ,” with believers functioning as different body parts.
• This metaphor emphasizes unity, diversity, and dependence on Christ.
4. The Kingdom of God as a Mustard Seed
• Matthew 13:31-32 – “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed… though it
is the smallest of all seeds, it grows to become the largest garden plant.”
• The kingdom starts small but grows into something great.
5. The Word of God as a Lamp
• Psalm 119:105 – “Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.”
• This metaphor suggests that Scripture provides guidance, like a lamp lighting
a dark path.
6. Satan as a Roaring Lion
• 1 Peter 5:8 – “Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion,
seeking someone to devour.”
• Satan is not literally a lion, but the image conveys his dangerous and
predatory nature.
How to Read the Bible with a
Metaphorical Lens
1. Identify the Literary Context
• Is the passage poetry (Psalms), prophecy (Isaiah, Revelation), wisdom
literature (Proverbs), or historical narrative (Exodus, Acts)?
• Poetry and prophecy use more figurative language than historical books.
2. Look for Key Words That Signal Metaphors
• Words like “like” or “as” often introduce similes (e.g., “The righteous shall
flourish like a palm tree” – Psalm 92:12).
• Some metaphors are direct comparisons (e.g., “I am the vine; you are the
branches” – John 15:5).
3. Compare with Other Scriptures
• Many metaphors are repeated across the Bible, reinforcing their meaning.
• For example, God as a shepherd appears in Psalm 23, Ezekiel 34, John 10, and
1 Peter 5:4.
4. Consider the Cultural Background
• Ancient Near Eastern culture influences biblical imagery.
• Example: When Jesus calls Himself the “Good Shepherd,” it relates to the
pastoral life familiar to His audience.
5. Discern Literal vs. Figurative Meaning
• A good rule: If taking a phrase literally contradicts clear biblical
teaching, it is likely metaphorical.
• Example: When Jesus says, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will
raise it up” (John 2:19), He refers to His body, not a physical building.
6. Look for the Deeper Spiritual Truth
• What truth is the metaphor pointing to?
• Example: When Jesus says, “You must be born again” (John 3:3), He is not
speaking of physical rebirth but of spiritual transformation.
Final Thoughts
Reading the Bible with an awareness of metaphor enhances understanding and
appreciation of its depth. By recognizing figurative language, we can interpret
Scripture more accurately and apply its lessons more meaningfully.